【制冷01】2.2.1 螺杆式制冷压缩机的基本结构和工作原理

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制冷01

开启螺杆式制冷压缩机的基本结构如图2-47所示,主要由转子、机壳(包括中部的汽缸体和两端的吸、排气端座等)、轴承、轴封、平衡活塞及能量调节装置组成。两个按一定传动比反向旋转又相互啮合的转子平行地配置在呈“∞”字形的汽缸中。转子具有特殊的螺旋齿形,凸齿形的称为阳转子,凹齿形的称为阴转子。一般阳转子为主动转子,阴转子为从动转子。汽缸的左右有吸气端座和排气端座,一对转子就支承在左右端座的轴承上。转子之间及转子和汽缸、端座间留有很小的间隙。吸气端座和汽缸上部设有轴向及径向吸气孔口,排气端座和滑阀上分别设有轴向和径向排气孔口。压缩机的吸、排气孔口是按其工作过程的需要精心设计的,可以根据需要准确地使工作容积和吸、排气腔连通或隔断。

图2-47 开启螺杆式制冷压缩机的基本结构

图2-47开启螺杆式制冷压缩机的基本结构
1—机壳;2—阳转子;3—滑动轴承;4一滚动轴承;5—调节滑阀;6—轴封;7—平衡活塞;8—调节滑阀控制活塞;9一阴转子

螺杆式压缩机的工作是依靠啮合运动着的一个阳转子与一个阴转子,并借助于包围这一对转子四周的机壳内壁的空间完成的。当转子转动时,转子的齿、齿槽与机壳内壁所构成的
呈“V”字形的一对齿间容积称为基元容积,其容积大小会发生周期性的变化,同时它还会沿着转子的轴向由吸气口侧向排气口侧移动,将制冷剂气体吸入并压缩至一定的压力后排出。如图2-48所示为螺杆式制冷压缩机的工作过程。其中,图2-48(a)、(b)为一对转子的俯视图,图2-48(c)〜(f)为一对转子由下而上的仰视图。当基元容积由最小向最大变化时,它与径向和轴向吸气口相通,进行吸气过程[图2-48(a)、(b)]。当基元容积达到最大并与吸气口隔开时,吸气结束[图2-48(c)]。此后,基元容积由最大逐渐变小,开始进行气体的压缩过程[图2-48(d)、(e)]。当基元容积开始与轴向和径向排气口接通时,则进行排气过程[图2-48(f)],直到基元容积变为零为止。

图2-48 螺杆式制冷压缩机的工作过程

图2-48 螺杆式制冷压缩机的工作过程

随着转子的连续运转,上述吸气、压缩、排气过程循环进行,各基元容积依次陆续工作,构成了螺杆式压缩机的工作循环。


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